How to Become a Ceramics Engineer (Pottery Power Play)

how to become a ceramics engineer

If you’ve ever been captivated by the artistry and science behind ceramics or pondered what it would take to become a ceramics engineer, you’ve come to the right place.

In this guide, we’ll delve into the EXACT steps required for you to kickstart your career as a ceramics engineer. We’ll discuss:

  • The vital skills you should master.
  • The education that can provide a solid foundation.
  • How to secure a position as a ceramics engineer.

So, whether you’re a novice in the world of ceramics or a seasoned artisan seeking to upgrade your skills, stay with us.

We’re about to unravel the roadmap to becoming a ceramics engineer.

Let’s embark on this journey!

Contents show

Steps to Become a Ceramics Engineer

 

Step 1: Understand the Field of Ceramics Engineering

Ceramics engineering is a specialized field that deals with the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials.

Understanding this field requires a solid foundation in the basics of materials science, chemistry, and physics.

Start by researching the industry and its role in various sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, construction, and automotive.

Learn about the different types of ceramic materials, their properties, and applications.

This includes traditional ceramics such as bricks and tiles, to more advanced ceramics like silicon carbide and boron nitride used in cutting tools, bearings, and abrasives.

You can gain an initial understanding of ceramics engineering through online resources, scientific journals, books, and attending industry conferences or seminars.

It’s also beneficial to connect with professionals in the field to gain their insights and advice.

They can provide you with real-world perspective on the challenges and rewards of a career in ceramics engineering.

 

Step 2: Pursue a Relevant Educational Background

In order to become a ceramics engineer, you need to obtain a relevant educational background.

This typically involves obtaining a Bachelor’s degree in materials engineering, ceramics engineering, or a related field.

These programs usually cover various aspects of ceramics such as properties, processing, and uses, along with a solid foundation in mathematics and physical sciences.

Make sure to choose a program that is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).

This accreditation is widely recognized in the industry and can make you more attractive to potential employers.

During your undergraduate studies, you may also want to take advantage of internships or co-op programs to gain hands-on experience in the field of ceramics engineering.

This experience can be valuable when you’re applying for jobs after graduation.

It’s also worth noting that some roles in the ceramics engineering industry may require a master’s degree or even a Ph.D. If you’re interested in these types of roles, or if you want to conduct research in the field, you should plan on pursuing graduate studies in ceramics engineering or a closely related field.

 

Step 3: Gain Practical Laboratory Experience

To become a successful Ceramics Engineer, you will need to gain practical experience in a laboratory setting, as this will be an integral part of your day-to-day work in the field.

This experience can be obtained during your undergraduate studies through internships, co-op programs, or work-study opportunities in the ceramics industry.

Try to work in a variety of areas to understand the full spectrum of ceramic engineering, from raw materials, through to processing techniques and final product evaluation.

This can include experience in materials preparation, casting, sintering, and microstructural characterization amongst others.

Real-world laboratory experience is invaluable in learning how to apply theoretical knowledge to practical situations, developing problem-solving skills, and gaining hands-on experience with the tools and equipment used in the ceramics industry.

Further, it will allow you to understand the safety practices needed in this field.

This experience can also strengthen your resume and increase your chances of securing a job post-graduation.

Moreover, it’s advisable to take advantage of any opportunities to work on research projects or assist professors in their research.

This experience will not only deepen your understanding of ceramics engineering but will also provide an opportunity to contribute to the field and possibly result in published work, which can be highly beneficial for your career development.

 

Step 4: Complete Internships in the Ceramics Industry

As a ceramics engineering student, gaining practical experience in the field is invaluable.

Internships can provide you with hands-on experience that you can’t get in a classroom.

Look for internships in various ceramics companies or in research institutions that specialize in ceramics.

These internships will provide you with an understanding of the day-to-day operations in the ceramics industry and expose you to different aspects of ceramic engineering, such as process engineering, materials development, or quality control.

This experience can give you a competitive edge when you’re applying for jobs in the future.

During your internships, make sure to network with professionals in the field.

This can lead to job opportunities after graduation.

Also, use your internships as an opportunity to apply what you’ve learned in your academic courses and gain a deeper understanding of ceramics engineering.

Additionally, some internships might lead to job offers upon graduation, especially if you’ve shown initiative, dedication, and proficiency in your work.

Even if an internship doesn’t directly lead to a job offer, the experience and connections you gain can significantly increase your chances of landing a job in the ceramics industry.

 

Step 5: Take Additional Courses in Specialized Areas

As a ceramics engineer, you’ll have the opportunity to work in a range of fields, such as the development of ceramic materials, process engineering, or ceramics design.

Each of these areas requires specific knowledge and skills, which you can obtain through additional courses.

For example, if you’re interested in the development of ceramic materials, you might take courses in advanced materials science, focusing on ceramics.

If you’re more interested in process engineering, you might take courses in industrial engineering or mechanical engineering that focus on manufacturing processes.

For ceramics design, courses in industrial design or materials design might be beneficial.

These specialized courses can be taken during your undergraduate or graduate studies, or as continuing education courses after graduation.

They can help you deepen your understanding of specific areas in ceramics engineering, making you a more attractive candidate for specialized job roles.

Remember, the field of ceramics engineering is constantly evolving, with new technologies and methodologies being developed.

Therefore, lifelong learning and continuous professional development are key to staying updated and competitive in this field.

 

Step 6: Participate in Research Projects

After gaining some education and experience, it is crucial to participate in research projects related to ceramics engineering.

These projects not only provide practical experience but also allow you to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world problems.

Research projects are an excellent way to specialize in a particular aspect of ceramics engineering.

For instance, you could focus on improving the strength and durability of ceramic materials, developing new ceramic composites, or finding more cost-effective methods for ceramic production.

Additionally, participating in research projects can provide you with opportunities to innovate and discover new applications for ceramics in various industries such as electronics, medicine, aerospace, and more.

This can also lead to authoring or co-authoring research papers, which can be beneficial for your career advancement.

Whether these research projects are part of your academic curriculum, carried out in collaboration with an industry partner, or conducted independently, they enhance your understanding of ceramics engineering and give you a competitive edge in the job market.

Be sure to document your findings and experiences as they can serve as valuable references for future projects and job applications.

 

Step 7: Develop Computer Modelling and Simulation Skills

As a ceramics engineer, you will often find yourself working on the design and development of ceramic materials and products.

This includes the use of computer modeling and simulation to predict the behavior and properties of these materials under different conditions.

Developing strong computer modeling and simulation skills is crucial to be successful in this role.

You should familiarize yourself with software like AutoCAD, SOLIDWORKS, or other similar programs that allow you to create, analyze, and test 3D models of ceramic materials and products.

Having a deep understanding of how these materials behave under different circumstances will allow you to design more efficient and effective products.

Additionally, these skills will also enable you to troubleshoot and resolve any issues that may arise during the manufacturing process.

Continually enhancing your knowledge and staying up-to-date with the latest technologies in computer modeling and simulation will make you a more competitive candidate in the job market.

It will also provide you with more opportunities for career advancement.

You can build these skills through relevant coursework in your degree program, internships, and ongoing professional development.

 

Step 8: Network with Professionals and Join Professional Societies

Building connections with other professionals in the ceramics engineering field is crucial for your career development.

Networking allows you to meet potential employers, learn about job opportunities, and gain insights about the industry trends and advancements.

Attend industry conferences, seminars, workshops, and trade shows to meet and learn from experienced ceramics engineers.

Joining professional societies such as the American Ceramic Society (ACerS) is another important step in your career.

These societies often provide resources such as job boards, professional development opportunities, and academic journals that can help you stay up-to-date with the latest research and innovations in ceramics engineering.

They also offer opportunities to meet and collaborate with other professionals in your field.

Consider participating actively in these societies, such as serving on a committee or in a leadership role, to increase your visibility in the field and to show your commitment to the profession.

Don’t forget to leverage the power of social media platforms like LinkedIn to connect with professionals and groups in the ceramics engineering industry.

Remember, the relationships you build through networking can be beneficial throughout your career, providing opportunities for mentorship, partnerships, and career advancement.

 

Step 9: Stay Abreast of Technological Advancements

As a Ceramics Engineer, it is essential that you stay current with the evolving technological advancements in the field of materials science and engineering, especially in ceramics.

This includes being aware of the latest processing techniques, new ceramic materials, and advancements in ceramic-based product designs.

Staying informed can be achieved by regularly attending industry conferences, taking part in professional development workshops, and subscribing to relevant engineering and ceramics journals.

You could also join professional engineering associations, which often provide resources for continuing education and networking opportunities.

In addition to this, you might want to consider pursuing advanced certifications or even a postgraduate degree specializing in ceramics or a related field.

This could deepen your knowledge and make you more eligible for senior roles in the industry.

Remember, the field of ceramics engineering is always evolving.

The ability to adapt to new technologies and methodologies is not just a valuable asset, it’s a necessity.

This will not only help you remain competitive in your career, but will also allow you to contribute more effectively to your field.

 

Step 10: Obtain Professional Certification (Optional)

Professional certification for a ceramics engineer is not mandatory but can significantly enhance your career prospects.

A widely recognized certification in the field is the Certified Manufacturing Technologist (CMfgT) from the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME).

This certification demonstrates your commitment to the profession and signals to employers that you possess a certain level of expertise and competence.

To qualify for the CMfgT certification, you typically need at least four years of combined education and manufacturing-related work experience.

The certification process involves passing an examination that covers key manufacturing areas including materials, processes, production, automation, quality, lean, and sustainability.

Another potential certification to consider is the Professional Engineer (PE) license.

This requires passing two intensive exams and demonstrating several years of engineering experience.

While this certification is not ceramics-specific, it can further validate your engineering skills.

Remember, obtaining a professional certification requires a commitment to continuing education and potentially periodic re-certification.

It’s a step that shows you’re dedicated to staying current in your field and maintaining high professional standards.

 

Step 11: Create a Professional Portfolio

As a ceramics engineer, having a comprehensive portfolio showcasing your skills, experience, and achievements is an essential step towards securing job opportunities or advancement in your career.

This portfolio should consist of all the projects you have worked on, including any ceramics designs, models, and products you’ve engineered.

To start, select projects that highlight your technical skills, creativity, and problem-solving abilities.

For each project, include a brief description, your role, the processes you used, and the results you achieved.

If possible, include photographs or illustrations of the ceramics you have worked on.

In addition to project work, your portfolio can also showcase any research you’ve conducted, patents you hold, or presentations you have given at industry conferences.

If you’ve been involved in significant group projects or collaborations, be sure to clearly define your role and contributions in these instances.

Remember, your portfolio is not a static document.

Update it regularly as you gain more experience and work on more complex projects.

This continuous addition and update will help to demonstrate your growth and adaptability as an engineer.

Finally, ensure your portfolio is well-organized, visually appealing, and easy to navigate.

It can be in a physical format, but an online portfolio could be more beneficial as it is more accessible and can be easily shared with potential employers or clients.

Remember, your portfolio is a testament to your work as a ceramics engineer, make it as impressive as you are.

 

Step 12: Apply for Ceramics Engineering Positions

After acquiring the necessary education, certifications, and gaining hands-on experience through internships or co-op programs, the next step is to start applying for ceramics engineering positions.

Look for job openings in industries like manufacturing, construction, electronics, or materials science which commonly employ ceramics engineers.

To find suitable job openings, you can check online job portals, company websites, industry publications, and professional networking sites.

Consider creating job alerts for ceramics engineering positions on job search websites to stay updated on new opportunities.

When applying, ensure your resume and cover letter highlight your educational background in materials science or ceramics engineering, any specialized training, and real-world experience in the field.

Specific achievements or projects that you’ve worked on during internships or co-op programs can also be mentioned to make your application stand out.

Don’t limit yourself to local opportunities; ceramics engineers are needed worldwide.

If you’re open to relocation, expand your job search to other states or countries.

This could increase your chances of finding a job that aligns with your career goals.

Lastly, prepare for interviews by reviewing common interview questions for ceramics engineers, and brush up on your technical knowledge.

Remember that the interview is not only a chance for the employer to learn about you, but also an opportunity for you to find out more about the role and the company.

 

Ceramics Engineer Roles and Responsibilities

Ceramics Engineers utilize their understanding of materials science and engineering principles to develop and improve ceramic materials, processes, and products.

They work in various industries including electronics, aerospace, automotive, medical and more.

They have the following roles and responsibilities:

 

Research and Development

  • Research and develop new ceramic materials and products.
  • Conduct tests and analyze data to determine the properties and performance of ceramics.
  • Apply knowledge of materials science to improve the properties of ceramic materials.

 

Product Design and Engineering

  • Design and develop ceramic products for various applications.
  • Apply engineering principles to the design and manufacturing of ceramics.
  • Ensure design compliance with specifications, codes, and customer requirements.

 

Process Improvement

  • Improve ceramic manufacturing processes to increase efficiency and product quality.
  • Implement new technology and methods in ceramic processing.
  • Monitor and control process parameters in the production of ceramics.

 

Testing and Quality Control

  • Conduct testing of ceramic materials and products for quality control.
  • Ensure products meet industry standards and customer requirements.
  • Develop and implement quality control procedures.

 

Problem Solving

  • Analyze failures and defects in ceramic materials and products.
  • Identify root causes and implement corrective actions.
  • Develop solutions to technical problems in ceramic manufacturing.

 

Documentation

  • Create and maintain technical documentation including design specifications, test reports, and process manuals.
  • Prepare reports detailing tests, analyses, and research findings.

 

Project Management

  • Oversee projects from conception to completion, coordinating with other engineers and professionals as necessary.
  • Ensure projects are completed on time, within budget, and meet quality standards.

 

Communication

  • Communicate effectively with team members, management, and clients.
  • Present research findings and design concepts to stakeholders.

 

Continuous Learning

  • Stay updated with the latest developments and technologies in the field of ceramics.
  • Attend conferences, seminars, and workshops to enhance knowledge and skills.

 

What Does a Ceramics Engineer Do?

Ceramics Engineers work in a variety of industries, often in research and development, production or quality assurance roles.

They can work in manufacturing companies, research institutions, or government organizations.

They specialize in the development and creation of ceramics, a broad category that includes products like glass, porcelain, cement, and advanced technical ceramics.

Ceramics Engineers utilize scientific and engineering principles to research, develop, and manufacture ceramic materials that meet certain specifications.

These can range from everyday household items like dishes and tiles to advanced ceramics used in industries such as electronics, aerospace, and medicine.

They are responsible for designing and modifying ceramic materials to be used in products, as well as creating processes for manufacturing these materials on a large scale.

Testing is another key part of a Ceramic Engineer’s job.

They conduct tests on ceramic materials to ensure they meet quality and safety standards.

Ceramics Engineers also work on improving existing ceramics products and processes.

They seek ways to make ceramic materials stronger, more durable, or more efficient.

Finally, Ceramics Engineers often work in teams with other engineers and scientists, and they communicate their findings and ideas to managers, clients, or other interested parties.

 

Essential Ceramics Engineer Skills

  • Material Science: Ceramics engineers should have a deep understanding of material science and material properties. They should know how different materials interact, their characteristics, and their potential uses.
  • Engineering Principles: An understanding of engineering principles, especially as they pertain to ceramics, is crucial. This includes knowledge of mechanical and chemical processes, thermodynamics, and heat transfer.
  • Design and Fabrication: Ceramics engineers need to know how to design and fabricate ceramics for various applications. This includes the ability to draw and model designs, as well as hands-on skills for fabrication.
  • Problem Solving: Ceramics engineering often involves troubleshooting and problem-solving. Engineers must be able to identify issues, analyze them, and develop creative and efficient solutions.
  • Communication: Ceramics engineers must effectively convey ideas and collaborate with cross-functional teams. This includes discussing designs, production processes, and potential issues with team members, clients, and stakeholders.
  • Knowledge of Ceramic Materials: A deep understanding of various ceramic materials, their properties, and their applications is essential. This includes knowledge of materials like clay, porcelain, and glass-ceramics.
  • Research Skills: Ceramics engineers must be able to conduct thorough research, whether it’s investigating new materials, exploring different fabrication methods, or staying abreast of industry trends.
  • Quality Control: Ensuring the quality of the ceramics produced is critical. This requires knowledge of quality control processes and standards in the ceramics industry.
  • Computer Skills: Familiarity with computer-aided design (CAD) software, data analysis tools, and other relevant software is vital for modern ceramics engineering.
  • Project Management: Ceramics engineers often work on projects that require careful planning and coordination. Skills in project management, including task prioritization and time management, can be very beneficial.
  • Manufacturing Processes: Understanding various ceramic manufacturing processes, including molding, casting, and sintering, is essential for ceramics engineers.
  • Mathematical Skills: Proficiency in mathematics, particularly calculus and algebra, is necessary for ceramics engineers to solve technical problems and make accurate calculations.
  • Teamwork: Collaboration is key in ceramics engineering. Engineers must be able to work effectively within teams, share knowledge, and contribute to collective success.
  • Safety Procedures: Ceramics engineers should be well-versed in safety procedures and regulations to ensure a safe working environment.
  • Environmental Awareness: Knowledge of environmental impact and sustainability practices in ceramics engineering is increasingly important. This includes understanding of recycling processes and eco-friendly materials.

 

Ceramics Engineer Career Path Progression

The Foundation: Junior Ceramics Engineer

The career path for a Ceramics Engineer usually begins at the junior level.

As a Junior Ceramics Engineer, you will be learning about the various processes involved in ceramics engineering, working under the guidance of a senior engineer.

Here are some suggestions for success at this stage:

  1. Eager Learning: Gain as much knowledge as you can about ceramics and the latest advancements in ceramic materials and technologies.
  2. Teamwork: Work closely with other team members and understand the importance of collaborative effort in project completion.
  3. Practical Application: Apply your academic knowledge in practical scenarios to enhance your understanding and skills.

 

The Ascent: Ceramics Engineer

With experience and knowledge comes the next role of a Ceramics Engineer.

You will now handle more complex projects, involve in product development, and play a key role in the engineering team.

Here’s how you can excel in this role:

  1. Problem Solving: Develop and enhance your problem-solving skills, crucial for addressing any technical issues.
  2. Quality Assurance: Ensure that the products meet quality standards and safety regulations.
  3. Communication: Effectively communicate with all the stakeholders involved in a project, from the initial design to final production stage.

 

Reaching New Heights: Senior Ceramics Engineer

The Senior Ceramics Engineer is a role that recognizes your expertise, leadership, and experience in the field.

At this stage, you may mentor junior engineers, take part in decision-making processes and lead projects to success.

Here’s how to excel as a Senior Ceramics Engineer:

  1. Mentorship: Use your experience to guide junior engineers and help them in their career path.
  2. Strategic Planning: Develop strategic plans for product development and oversee the overall project execution.
  3. Leadership: Demonstrate leadership qualities, manage your team efficiently, and ensure project completion within the stipulated time.

 

Beyond the Horizon: Lead Roles and Beyond

As your career progresses, you could move into roles such as Ceramics Engineering Manager, Project Manager, or even a Director.

These roles involve more responsibilities, leadership, and strategic decision-making.

Here’s what to focus on:

  1. Technical Leadership: Drive technical initiatives and shape the direction of your projects and teams.
  2. Management Skills: Develop strong leadership and communication skills to manage your team effectively.
  3. Innovation: Stay updated with the latest trends in ceramic technology and continue to innovate.

 

Pinnacle of Success: Director of Engineering or VP of Ceramics Engineering

At the top of the Ceramics Engineering career ladder, you might become a Director of Engineering or VP of Ceramics Engineering.

Here, you’ll be responsible for the overall technical strategy of the organization, making crucial decisions and managing larger teams.

 

Ceramics Engineer Salary

Entry-Level Ceramics Engineer

  • Median Salary: $55,000 – $70,000 per year
  • Entry-level ceramics engineers typically have 0-2 years of experience and may hold a bachelor’s degree in materials science, ceramics engineering or related fields.

 

Mid-Level Ceramics Engineer

  • Median Salary: $70,000 – $90,000 per year
  • Mid-level engineers have 2-5 years of experience and often handle more complex projects, including the design and testing of ceramic materials and products.

 

Senior Ceramics Engineer

  • Median Salary: $90,000 – $110,000 per year
  • Senior engineers possess 5+ years of experience and are often responsible for leading research projects, developing new applications for ceramic materials, and mentoring junior engineers.

 

Lead Ceramics Engineer / Ceramics Engineering Manager

  • Median Salary: $110,000 – $130,000+ per year
  • These roles come with significant experience and often involve leading the ceramics engineering department, project management, and strategic decision-making.

 

Principal Engineer / Technical Director / VP of Ceramics Engineering

  • Median Salary: $130,000 – $160,000+ per year
  • These high-level positions require extensive experience, deep technical and material science expertise, and often involve setting strategies for a company’s ceramics engineering efforts.

 

Ceramics Engineer Work Environment

Ceramics Engineers typically work in industrial and manufacturing settings, such as ceramic factories, research laboratories, and design departments of various industries.

They often work closely with materials scientists, industrial designers, and production personnel.

Depending on the industry they work in, Ceramics Engineers may work regular business hours, but they might also have to work overtime to monitor ongoing operations or to meet project deadlines.

Safety is a key concern in their work environment due to the high temperatures and potentially hazardous materials involved in the process of creating ceramic products.

Hence, they are expected to adhere strictly to safety procedures and guidelines.

With enough experience and expertise, a Ceramics Engineer can progress to supervisory or managerial roles, or even choose to start their own ceramics manufacturing business.

 

FAQs About Becoming a Ceramics Engineer

What is needed to become a ceramics engineer?

To become a ceramics engineer, you typically need to have a strong foundation in materials science, with a focus on ceramics.

This can be achieved through a formal education, such as a bachelor’s degree in materials science and engineering or a related field.

Key skills include a deep understanding of ceramic materials, their properties, and processing techniques.

Proficiency in using computer-aided design (CAD) software and knowledge of manufacturing processes are also crucial.

Soft skills like problem-solving, communication, and teamwork are equally important.

 

How long does it take to become a ceramics engineer?

The time it takes to become a ceramics engineer can vary depending on your educational path.

Typically, you would need to earn a bachelor’s degree in materials science and engineering or a related field, which takes about four years.

Following this, some may choose to specialize further by pursuing a master’s or doctoral degree in a field specifically related to ceramics, which could take additional 2-5 years.

Gaining practical experience through internships or co-op programs is also beneficial and can help you become job-ready faster.

 

Can I be a ceramics engineer without a degree?

While it’s technically possible to work in the field of ceramics without a formal degree, most ceramics engineer roles require at least a bachelor’s degree in materials science and engineering or a closely related field.

This is due to the technical and scientific nature of the work, which typically requires a solid understanding of complex principles of materials science, chemistry, and physics.

However, hands-on experience with ceramics, gained through vocational training or apprenticeships, could be valuable in certain roles within the broader ceramics industry.

 

Is ceramics engineering a stressful job?

Ceramics engineering, like any other engineering job, can be stressful at times due to tight project deadlines, complex problem-solving, and the need to constantly keep up with advancements in the field.

However, the level of stress can vary depending on the specific role, the company, and an individual’s work-life balance and stress-management strategies.

Many ceramics engineers find the work rewarding and enjoy the creative and innovative aspects of the job, which can help mitigate the stress.

 

What are the prospects for ceramics engineers in the next decade?

The prospects for ceramics engineers are promising for the next decade.

Ceramics are used in a wide variety of industries, including aerospace, electronics, automotive, medical, and energy, many of which are expected to experience growth.

Advances in technology and an increasing focus on materials sustainability are also likely to open up new opportunities for ceramics engineers.

 

Conclusion

And there you have it.

Embarking on a journey to become a ceramics engineer is no small undertaking, but it’s undoubtedly fulfilling.

Equipped with the right skills, education, and tenacity, you’re well on your way to making a significant contribution in the materials industry.

Remember, the journey may be tough, but the potential for innovation is boundless. Your creations could lead to the next groundbreaking material that revolutionizes how we live, build, and innovate.

So, take that initial leap. Dive deep into materials science. Connect with industry professionals. And most importantly, never stop experimenting.

Because the world is eagerly awaiting what you can create.

And if you’re seeking personalized guidance on starting or advancing your career in ceramics engineering, consider our AI Career Path Advisor.

This complimentary tool is designed to offer tailored advice and resources to help you effectively navigate your career path.

The Brutal Truth Behind the Most Stressful Careers in the World!

Time-Savvy Careers: The Most Flexible Jobs for Smart Workers

Weirdly Awesome: Unusual Jobs That Will Blow Your Mind

Earning Less Than You Think: The Shocking Reality of America’s Least Paying Jobs

Boom or Bust: Jobs That Stay Solid in Any Economy

Similar Posts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *