How to Become an Exam Center Coordinator (Be the Beacon of Balance)

how to become an exam center coordinator

If you’ve ever dreamed of coordinating examinations and shaping the future of education or wondered what it takes to become an Exam Center Coordinator, you’re in the right place.

In this guide, we’ll explore the EXACT steps you need to take to start your career as an Exam Center Coordinator. We’ll discuss:

  • The skills you need.
  • The education that can help you get there.
  • How to land a job as an Exam Center Coordinator.

So, whether you’re new to the educational field or an experienced professional looking to advance, stay tuned.

We’re about to unravel the blueprint to become an Exam Center Coordinator.

Let’s get started!

Contents show

Steps to Become an Exam Center Coordinator

 

Step 1: Understand the Role and Responsibilities

As a prospective Exam Center Coordinator, your first step is to gain a thorough understanding of the role and responsibilities associated with this position.

An Exam Center Coordinator is responsible for coordinating and managing all aspects of an examination center, which may include scheduling exams, overseeing staff, ensuring exam center policies and procedures are adhered to, and maintaining a secure and conducive environment for examinations.

In addition, you would liaise with different departments and outside entities to ensure smooth operations of the center, solve any exam-related issues and handle logistics related to the exams such as printing, distributing, and safeguarding exam papers.

This role also requires strong administrative skills, excellent communication abilities, and good problem-solving skills.

You may also be involved in managing technology within the center, ensuring test-takers have the necessary equipment and troubleshooting any technical issues.

Getting a clear understanding of these responsibilities will help you to better prepare for this role and develop the necessary skills.

 

Step 2: Obtain a Basic Education

To become an Exam Center Coordinator, the first step is to obtain a basic education.

The minimum educational requirement is typically a high school diploma or equivalent.

However, most employers prefer candidates who possess a bachelor’s degree or higher.

Possible fields of study could include education, business administration, management, or any other related field that provides a solid foundation in organizational skills, communication, and leadership.

During your studies, focus on subjects that help you understand the dynamics of coordinating large groups, managing facilities, and handling logistical challenges.

Such subjects can be project management, event management, or logistics.

While formal education is important, the role of an Exam Center Coordinator also requires strong interpersonal skills, the ability to multitask, and a keen eye for detail.

These skills can be developed and honed through part-time jobs, internships, or volunteer work in similar roles.

After acquiring a solid basic education, consider gaining some hands-on experience in the education sector or similar industries.

This real-world experience can significantly enhance your ability to perform the job role of an Exam Center Coordinator effectively.

 

Step 3: Pursue a Degree or Certificate in Educational Administration or a Relevant Field

If you’re interested in becoming an Exam Center Coordinator, it’s advisable to pursue a degree or certificate in educational administration or a relevant field.

This could be an undergraduate degree in Education, Educational Leadership, or Educational Administration.

These programs provide in-depth understanding and knowledge on the functioning of educational institutions, curriculum development, educational policies, and student affairs management.

You’ll gain skills in areas such as organizational leadership, strategic planning, educational law, and budgeting.

Additionally, you may also have the opportunity to gain practical experience through internships or practicums.

For those who already hold an undergraduate degree in a different field, you may opt for a postgraduate diploma or a master’s degree in education administration or management.

These programs offer advanced understanding of the management of educational institutions and are more focused on the operational aspects.

In some cases, you might be interested in focusing specifically on examinations.

Certificates in examination management or related fields can provide you with more specialized knowledge about exam scheduling, security, procedures, and policies.

Regardless of the path you choose, remember that the goal is to equip yourself with the necessary administrative skills and educational understanding to efficiently coordinate an exam center.

 

Step 4: Gain Experience in Education or Administration

Before stepping into the role of an Exam Center Coordinator, it is crucial to gain relevant experience in education, administration or related field.

This experience can provide you with the necessary skills and knowledge to perform the duties of an Exam Center Coordinator effectively.

Start by looking for positions in the administrative section of educational institutions.

These positions could range from an administrative assistant to a front office manager.

During this period, you’ll learn about the operations of an education center, student management, record keeping, and various policies and regulations of the institution.

Working in an educational institution will also give you a chance to understand the academic calendar, including the scheduling of examinations.

It’s important to understand the intricacies of exam processes, such as setting timetables, arranging for invigilators, managing examination venues, and handling exam-related queries.

Additionally, you could consider volunteering for exam-related events or activities to increase your hands-on experience with exam coordination.

This could involve assisting in the coordination of school exams, competitive exams, or entrance tests.

In parallel, gaining knowledge and experience in administrative duties such as coordination, planning, and management is also beneficial.

This could be achieved by working in non-educational administrative roles, taking part in event planning, or volunteering in community or non-profit organizations that require coordination and management skills.

Remember, the more experience and knowledge you gain in these areas, the better prepared you will be to take on the responsibilities of an Exam Center Coordinator.

 

Step 5: Develop Strong Organizational and Communication Skills

As an Exam Center Coordinator, you will need strong organizational and communication skills.

These skills are crucial in coordinating between multiple teams, ensuring the smooth running of examinations, and effectively communicating information and instructions to staff and students.

Developing organizational skills involves managing tasks, paperwork and resources effectively.

You should be able to create and manage schedules, ensure timely setup of examination venues and coordinate the dispatch and collection of examination materials.

Good organizational skills also mean being able to anticipate and handle problems that might occur during exams, such as equipment failure or schedule conflicts.

Communication skills are equally important.

As an Exam Center Coordinator, you will need to communicate effectively with a range of individuals, including students, faculty, staff, and external vendors.

You should be comfortable addressing groups, issuing clear instructions, and ensuring that all relevant parties are kept informed about exam schedules, procedures and any changes that occur.

You can develop these skills through experience in roles that involve project management, team coordination, or events planning.

Additionally, professional development courses and workshops on communication and organizational skills may also be beneficial.

 

Step 6: Familiarize Yourself with Exam Procedures and Standards

As an Exam Center Coordinator, you will be responsible for ensuring the smooth running of exam sessions according to the set standards.

These standards can differ greatly depending on the institution or body that provides the exams.

Therefore, it’s essential that you familiarize yourself with the specific exam procedures and standards for each exam you’ll be coordinating.

This includes understanding the registration process, the rules for exam invigilation, protocols for handling exam materials, procedures for reporting incidents and the guidelines for marking and grading.

You should also be aware of the specific needs and accommodations for students with special needs.

You can gain familiarity with these procedures and standards by attending training sessions, reviewing educational materials and handbooks provided by the exam bodies, and seeking guidance from experienced exam coordinators.

Remember, as an Exam Center Coordinator, your role is pivotal in maintaining the integrity of the exam process and providing a fair and efficient environment for students to demonstrate their knowledge and skills.

Thus, a thorough understanding of exam procedures and standards is indispensable for your role.

 

Step 7: Get Familiar with Computer Software and Technology Used in Exam Coordination

In the world of examination coordination, becoming familiar with computer software and technology is critical.

This includes understanding software used for registration, scheduling, and tracking of exam candidates.

Additionally, you should be familiar with tools that facilitate communication between the exam center, candidates, and exam bodies.

A knowledge of exam delivery software, which is used for conducting computer-based tests, is often essential.

This software manages the exam process, delivering questions and capturing responses.

Understanding the functionalities of such software is important, as you might be needed to provide technical support to invigilators and candidates during exams.

Furthermore, you might need to use data analysis software to produce reports on exam outcomes and trends.

This data can be used to improve processes and procedures, making the exam center more efficient.

Hence, having a working knowledge of data analysis tools can be a significant advantage.

On top of that, due to the increasing use of online proctoring software, it is imperative to understand how these systems work.

They are used for invigilation during online exams, tracking and recording the candidate’s activities to prevent dishonesty.

To familiarize yourself with these technologies, you can take relevant online courses, attend workshops, or seek hands-on experience.

This is a step that cannot be skipped in the pursuit of becoming an effective Exam Center Coordinator.

 

Step 8: Apply for Entry Level Positions in Exam Coordination or Related Fields

To get your foot in the door and gain practical experience, consider applying for entry-level positions in exam coordination or fields closely related.

This could include roles like administrative assistants, test proctors, or education program coordinators.

These positions often involve tasks such as organizing and scheduling exams, handling student queries, or providing technical support during exams, which are all crucial skills for an Exam Center Coordinator.

The experience you gain from these roles will give you a solid understanding of how exams are run, the challenges faced during the process, and how to effectively resolve them.

Keep in mind that it’s not just about the experience; it’s also about networking.

Building relationships with professionals in the field can open up opportunities for career advancement.

During this time, strive to demonstrate your organizational skills, leadership qualities, and ability to manage stress effectively.

These are key competencies that employers look for when hiring for the role of an Exam Center Coordinator.

Remember, every job you take on your journey towards becoming an Exam Center Coordinator is a stepping stone that brings you closer to your goal.

 

Step 9: Build Experience and Reputation in the Field

As an Exam Center Coordinator, your role is crucial in ensuring the smooth operation of the examination process.

Therefore, it is essential to build a strong reputation and gain a wide range of experience in the field.

One of the ways to do this is by successfully managing multiple exams and handling any issues that may arise effectively.

Being involved in different types of examinations and managing various aspects can help you gain a broad understanding of the role.

This can include coordinating large-scale, high-stakes exams, as well as smaller, department-level tests.

Handling various situations and problems efficiently and effectively can earn you a solid reputation within the institution and among students.

It is also beneficial to network and collaborate with other exam center coordinators or professionals in the education field.

Such collaboration can provide opportunities for learning best practices, new techniques, and understanding more about the latest technology used in exam management.

This not only increases your knowledge and skills but also helps in building a strong professional reputation.

Continuous professional development is also necessary in this role.

By staying updated with the latest trends and changes in exam coordination and management, you can ensure that you provide the best services, thus enhancing your reputation in the field.

Remember, your experience and reputation can open doors for advancement opportunities, such as supervising a team of exam center coordinators or managing examinations at a district or state level.

 

Step 10: Keep Up-to-date with Changes in Education Laws and Standards

As an Exam Center Coordinator, it is crucial to keep yourself updated with the changes in education laws and standards.

These laws and regulations could affect testing accommodations, the structure of the exams, grading methods, and other aspects of your job role.

Being informed about these changes ensures you can accurately coordinate the setup and administration of exams in line with the latest requirements.

Consider subscribing to newsletters and publications from education departments or related bodies, attending webinars and workshops, and joining professional networks for exam center coordinators.

These resources can provide you with valuable information about changes in education laws and standards.

Furthermore, you should also be in contact with the institutions providing the exams.

They can provide specific guidance and updates about the exams you will be coordinating.

Ultimately, staying updated enables you to maintain a high standard of exam administration, ensuring fair and effective testing for all students.

 

Step 11: Apply for Exam Center Coordinator Positions

Once you’ve obtained the required qualifications and skill set, the next step in your career path as an Exam Center Coordinator is to actively start applying for available positions.

Research online job portals, websites of various educational institutions, and job postings on social media to find suitable vacancies.

Before applying, carefully read the job description to ensure that you meet all the requirements and are able to handle the responsibilities.

Tailor your CV to highlight your qualifications, experiences, and skills that are relevant to the job role.

This can significantly increase your chances of getting called for an interview.

When writing your cover letter, showcase your organizational, communication, and problem-solving skills, as these are often critical for an Exam Center Coordinator role.

Mention any relevant experiences that demonstrate your ability to efficiently coordinate exams and handle any challenges that come up.

After applying, prepare for interviews by anticipating questions related to the role and planning your answers.

Practice presenting your skills and experiences in a way that showcases your suitability for the role.

Remember, patience and persistence are key in a job hunt.

 

Step 12: Attend Training Programs and Seminars to Continuously Improve Your Skills.

As an Exam Center Coordinator, your role involves managing and overseeing the smooth operations of an examination center.

This requires a wide range of skills, from organization to communication and problem-solving.

In order to maintain efficiency and effectiveness in your role, it is crucial to continually improve and update your skills.

You can do this by attending relevant training programs and seminars.

These might cover topics such as administration management, examination coordination, technological advancements in examination systems, student management, or emergency response.

Such training programs and seminars are often offered by educational institutions, professional organizations, or examination boards.

Participating in these programs not only equips you with new knowledge and skills but also gives you the opportunity to network with other professionals in your field.

This can lead to valuable discussions, exchange of ideas, and potential collaborations.

Remember, the goal is not just to keep up with the latest trends and practices, but to also strive for excellence and improvement in your role as an Exam Center Coordinator.

The more proficient you become, the better you can ensure that the examination center you oversee runs smoothly and successfully.

 

Exam Center Coordinator Roles and Responsibilities

Exam Center Coordinators are responsible for overseeing all aspects of an examination center to ensure a smooth and proper functioning of examinations.

They liaise with academic staff, invigilators and students to ensure all procedures are adhered to.

They have the following roles and responsibilities:

 

Planning and Scheduling

  • Plan and schedule examinations according to the academic calendar.
  • Coordinate with faculties and departments to finalize exam timetables.
  • Allocate appropriate venues for examinations.

 

Logistics Management

  • Organize necessary equipment and materials for examinations, including papers, stationery, and other aids.
  • Ensure seating arrangements and room conditions comply with examination regulations.
  • Oversee the safe storage and distribution of exam papers.

 

Staff Management

  • Recruit, train and supervise invigilators.
  • Manage staff rotas and handle any staffing issues.
  • Ensure staff understand and adhere to exam procedures and regulations.

 

Regulation Enforcement

  • Ensure all examination procedures and regulations are followed.
  • Address any instances of malpractice or misconduct in line with policy.
  • Implement measures to maintain the integrity and security of the examination process.

 

Student Support

  • Provide information and guidance to students about examination processes and regulations.
  • Manage special arrangements for students with additional needs.
  • Address student queries and concerns promptly and effectively.

 

Record Keeping

  • Keep accurate records of all examinations, including numbers of students, incidents, and outcomes.
  • Maintain a database of invigilators and their availability.
  • Document and report any incidents during the examination process.

 

Communication

  • Liaise with academic staff, students, and parents regarding examination schedules and procedures.
  • Provide regular updates to relevant stakeholders about the examination process.
  • Coordinate with external examination bodies as required.

 

Post-Examination Tasks

  • Ensure exam papers are collected, collated, and securely delivered for marking.
  • Handle the return and storage of equipment and materials after examinations.
  • Review and evaluate examination processes and make improvements where necessary.

 

Health and Safety

  • Ensure exam venues meet health and safety regulations.
  • Arrange for first aid and emergency provisions during exams.

 

What Does an Exam Center Coordinator Do?

Exam Center Coordinators are typically employed by educational institutions or professional testing services.

They can also work for companies that offer internal certification programs.

Their primary responsibility is to manage and oversee the smooth operation of the examination center.

This includes scheduling examinations, ensuring the availability of necessary materials and equipment, and coordinating with examination invigilators.

They are also responsible for managing the center’s logistics, which may include arranging for the setup and breakdown of the exam rooms, and overseeing the seating arrangements to ensure that examinees are placed appropriately.

An Exam Center Coordinator also ensures the integrity of the examination process.

They implement policies and procedures to prevent cheating, ensure that examination rules are followed, and handle any issues or misconduct that might arise during the examination.

In addition, they may also be in charge of training and supervising staff, dealing with inquiries from examinees or faculty, and liaising with exam boards or educational bodies.

They may also have the responsibility of coordinating the delivery and secure storage of examination papers.

In cases where examinations are computer-based, the Exam Center Coordinator would also need to ensure that the necessary technology is available and functioning properly.

 

Essential Exam Center Coordinator Skills

  • Communication: An Exam Center Coordinator must be able to clearly convey information to examinees, staff, and stakeholders. They should also be able to listen and respond effectively to questions or concerns.
  • Organizational skills: This role involves managing various tasks like scheduling exams, assigning staff duties, and ensuring smooth operations. Strong organizational skills are crucial.
  • Problem-solving: The ability to identify, analyze, and solve problems quickly and effectively is essential in this role. Coordinators must handle unexpected issues, such as technical difficulties or scheduling conflicts, efficiently.
  • Time Management: Coordinators often handle multiple tasks and responsibilities simultaneously. Hence, excellent time management skills are a must.
  • Leadership: As coordinators often manage teams, leadership skills are needed to motivate and guide staff, ensure tasks are completed accurately and on time, and resolve any conflicts that may arise.
  • Attention to detail: Mistakes in exam scheduling or administration can have serious repercussions. Thus, attention to detail is crucial.
  • Computer Skills: Familiarity with computer systems and software applications used in exam administration is important. This can include database management, scheduling software, and exam delivery platforms.
  • Customer Service: As they interact with examinees and staff, exam center coordinators should have strong customer service skills, including patience, empathy, and the ability to handle stress.
  • Knowledge of Examination Procedures: Understanding exam procedures, regulations, and standards is vital for ensuring fair and successful examinations.
  • Confidentiality: An exam center coordinator must handle sensitive information responsibly and maintain strict confidentiality of exam materials and student records.
  • Administrative Skills: Coordinators handle various administrative tasks, such as record-keeping, report preparation, and resource management. Thus, strong administrative skills are essential.
  • Teamwork: Coordinators often work in teams, so they must be able to cooperate and collaborate effectively with others.
  • Adaptability: As situations can change quickly, coordinators must be adaptable and able to make effective decisions under pressure.
  • Budget Management: Skills in managing budgets can be beneficial for coordinating resources, controlling costs, and ensuring financial efficiency of the exam center.
  • Conflict Resolution: The ability to handle conflicts in a fair, calm and diplomatic manner is crucial, be it among staff or with examinees.

 

Exam Center Coordinator Career Path Progression

The Foundation: Assistant Exam Center Coordinator

Your journey often starts as an Assistant Exam Center Coordinator.

At this stage, you are learning the ropes and familiarizing yourself with the inner workings of an exam center.

You may be tasked with administrative duties such as scheduling, assisting with test setup, and providing basic technical support.

Here’s how to excel in this role:

  1. Learn Continuously: Stay updated on the latest exam procedures and regulations.
  2. Seek Mentorship: Learn from the experienced coordinators and don’t hesitate to ask questions.
  3. Attention to Detail: Ensure accuracy and efficiency in the execution of your tasks.

 

The Ascent: Exam Center Coordinator

After gaining adequate experience and competence, you transition into the role of an Exam Center Coordinator.

You take on more responsibilities, including coordinating exams, ensuring exam security, and managing the exam center staff.

Here’s how to succeed in this stage:

  1. Problem Solving: Address any exam-related issues and work on efficient resolutions.
  2. Team Management: Lead and manage your team effectively to ensure smooth operations.
  3. Organization Skills: Exhibit exceptional organizational skills to handle multiple exams at the same time.

 

Reaching New Heights: Senior Exam Center Coordinator

The next step in your career journey is the role of a Senior Exam Center Coordinator.

In this role, you’re recognized for your experience and leadership.

You may be responsible for supervising multiple exam centers, formulating exam procedures, and training new coordinators.

To excel at this stage:

  1. Leadership: Guide and inspire your team to ensure efficient exam center operations.
  2. Process Improvement: Continuously evaluate and improve exam procedures for better efficiency.
  3. Training and Mentoring: Share your knowledge and help new coordinators adapt to their roles.

 

Beyond the Horizon: Exam Center Manager and Beyond

As you continue to grow in your career, you may transition into roles like Exam Center Manager or Director of Examination Services.

These roles require strategic planning, decision-making, and managing larger teams.

Here’s what to focus on:

  1. Strategic Planning: Develop and execute strategic plans for managing multiple exam centers.
  2. Stakeholder Management: Communicate effectively with all stakeholders, including educational institutions, governing bodies, and examinees.
  3. Innovation: Implement innovative solutions to improve exam center operations and user experience.

 

Pinnacle of Success: Director of Examination Services or VP of Testing Services

At the peak of your career, you may hold roles like Director of Examination Services or VP of Testing Services.

In these roles, you’ll be shaping the overall strategy for examination services, making crucial decisions, and leading larger teams.

 

Exam Center Coordinator Salary

Entry-Level Exam Center Coordinator

  • Median Salary: $30,000 – $40,000 per year
  • Entry-level exam center coordinators typically have 0-2 years of experience and may hold a bachelor’s degree in business administration, education, or related fields. They are responsible for managing the logistics of the exam center and ensuring that all exams are conducted in an orderly manner.

 

Mid-Level Exam Center Coordinator

  • Median Salary: $40,000 – $50,000 per year
  • Mid-level exam center coordinators possess 2-5 years of experience and are often responsible for managing multiple exam centers. They may also be involved in staff training and creating policies and procedures for exam administration.

 

Senior Exam Center Coordinator

  • Median Salary: $50,000 – $60,000 per year
  • Senior exam center coordinators have 5+ years of experience. They take on more complex responsibilities, like overseeing all exam center operations, liaising with academic boards, and ensuring compliance with education regulations.

 

Exam Center Manager / Director of Examination Centers

  • Median Salary: $60,000 – $80,000+ per year
  • These roles come with significant experience and may involve overseeing all exam centers within a district or state, developing strategic plans, and ensuring all centers follow standard operating procedures.

 

Vice President of Examination Operations

  • Median Salary: $80,000 – $120,000+ per year
  • This high-level position requires extensive experience and involves setting strategies for the operation of all examination centers within an institution or a country, ensuring the integrity of exams, and making key operational decisions.

 

Exam Center Coordinator Work Environment

Exam Center Coordinators primarily work in educational institutions such as high schools, colleges, and universities, but they can also be found in independent examination centers or testing facilities.

Their work often involves liaising with various departments within the institution and with external bodies to ensure the smooth running of examinations.

This role requires excellent organizational skills as they are responsible for scheduling exams, ensuring all necessary materials are available, and coordinating with staff to monitor the exams.

The work hours of an Exam Center Coordinator are generally regular, but they may need to work extra hours or on weekends during peak examination periods.

They usually work in an office setting but may also need to be present in the examination rooms to oversee the process.

With experience, an Exam Center Coordinator can advance to higher administrative roles within the institution or may choose to work with larger testing organizations or examination boards.

 

FAQs About Becoming an Exam Center Coordinator

What is required to become an Exam Center Coordinator?

To become an Exam Center Coordinator, you often need a bachelor’s degree in education, business administration, or a related field.

Relevant experience in educational administration or event coordination is also highly beneficial.

Key skills include excellent organizational abilities, strong communication and interpersonal skills, and a detailed understanding of examination procedures and regulations.

Familiarity with computer systems and educational software is also desirable.

 

How long does it take to become an Exam Center Coordinator?

The time it takes to become an Exam Center Coordinator can vary based on your educational path and previous experience.

Generally, if you pursue a bachelor’s degree, it typically takes four years.

Subsequently, gaining a few years of experience in the education sector, particularly in roles involving logistics and coordination, can help you transition into the role of an Exam Center Coordinator.

 

Can I be an Exam Center Coordinator without a degree?

Although a degree is generally preferred, some smaller institutions or organizations may hire Exam Center Coordinators based on relevant experience and skills.

Demonstrated ability in areas such as administration, event planning, or logistics management can be valuable.

However, a degree in a relevant field can enhance your job prospects and potential for career progression.

 

Is being an Exam Center Coordinator a stressful job?

Exam Center Coordinator can be a demanding role at times, particularly during the exam seasons when it involves managing multiple tasks such as scheduling, ensuring exam regulations are adhered to, dealing with unforeseen issues, and communicating with multiple stakeholders.

However, the stress level can vary and often depends on the individual’s organizational skills and the support structure within the organization.

 

What are the prospects for Exam Center Coordinators in the next decade?

With the increasing trend of online and distance learning, there is a growing need for Exam Center Coordinators who can manage both physical and virtual exam settings.

As educational institutions continue to evolve, the role of an Exam Center Coordinator may also involve adapting to new technologies and examination methods.

Therefore, the prospects look promising for those who can adapt and grow with these changes.

 

Conclusion

And there you have it.

Embarking on a journey to become an Exam Center Coordinator is no easy task, but it’s undoubtedly fulfilling.

Equipped with the right expertise, education, and determination, you’re well on your way to making a significant difference in the educational sector.

Remember, the path may be demanding, but the opportunities are limitless. Your efforts could contribute to a smooth, efficient exam process that positively impacts countless students.

So, take that first step. Delve deep into acquiring knowledge. Network with education professionals. And most importantly, never stop improving.

Because the educational realm is waiting for your unique contribution.

And if you’re looking for personalized guidance on starting or advancing your career as an Exam Center Coordinator, explore our AI Career Path Advisor.

This complimentary tool is designed to offer tailored advice and resources to help you effectively navigate your career path.

The Job Market’s Rising Stars: Careers on the Fast Track

The Workday Paradise: Jobs Where Fun Never Ends

Workforce Wonders: The Trending Jobs Shaping the Future

Change Your Workspace, Not Your Paycheck: High-Paying Remote Jobs!

Joyful Journeys: The Most Satisfying Career Paths to Follow

Similar Posts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *